Gohar Khatoon女子学校位于阿富汗第四大城市马扎里沙里夫（Mazar-i-Sharif）的中心，它取代了一个年久失修的老建筑，扩大了这所具有历史意义的城市学校的容量。这座2000平方米的综合建筑为幼儿园到十二年级的班级提供了空间，每天至少为3000名学生或更多学生提供服务。

Located in the center Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan’s fourth largest city, the Gohar Khatoon Girls’ School replaces an older structure that was in an extreme state of disrepair and expands the capacity of a historically significant urban school. The 2,000 m2 complex provides space for kindergarten through grade twelve classes, serving at least 3,000 students or more a day.

马扎里沙里夫是几所大学的所在地，而Gohar Khatoon作为通往高等教育的门户，将成为在一个重要的城市中心教育几千名妇女和女孩的关键机构。女童学校已经被认为是阿富汗推动发展的主要贡献者，这些机构是阿富汗社会中强大的包容机制。学校是妇女和女孩进行这一过渡的场所，而Gohar Khatoon旨在通过促进稳定、舒适和社区参与来支持这一进程。

Mazar-i-Sharif is home to several universities, and Gohar Khatoon–acting as a gateway to higher education–is positioned to become a key institution for educating several thousand women and girls in an important urban center. Girls’ schools are already considered to be major contributors in Afghanistan’s push toward development and these institutions serve as powerful mechanisms for inclusion within Afghan society. Schools are the setting where women and girls will negotiate this transition, and Gohar Khatoon has been designed to support this process by promoting stability, comfort, and community engagement.

儿童的城市绿洲
较大的城市，如喀布尔和马扎里沙里夫，目前正目睹着城市化带来的户外绿色空间的消失。这所学校通过为当地儿童提供急需的新鲜空气、植物和树木来应对这一缺陷。学校往往是唯一允许妇女在家庭之外进行社交活动的地方：户外活动空间提供了一个文化上可接受的健身场所，座位和聚集区的设计也是为了促进学生之间的社会互动。教育性园艺在波斯文化中有着悠久的传统，学校场地上的一些区域已经种植了果树，或者被指定为蔬菜和花卉园，由学生们打理。水在这个城市是一种宝贵的资源，所有的景观都是用经过生物处理的废水灌溉的。

An urban oasis for children
Larger cities such as Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif are currently witnessing the disappearance of outdoor green space due to urbanization. The school responds to this deficiency by offering local children much-needed access to fresh air, plants, and trees. School is oftentimes the only place where women are permitted to socialize outside the home: outdoor activity spaces provide a culturally acceptable place for physical fitness, and seating, and gathering areas have been designed to promote social interaction between students. Educational gardening has a long tradition in Persian culture and several areas on the school grounds have been planted with fruit-bearing trees or have be designated as vegetable and flower gardens to be tended by the students. Water is a precious resource in the city and all of the landscaping is irrigated using biologically treated wastewater.

社区参与
愿景会议为学生提供了一个了解他们的新学校的机会，使他们能够参与到设计过程中。艺术也是学校参与的一个重要媒介。六位新兴的女性艺术家被选中在学校的中央楼梯上安装他们的作品。

Community Engagement
Visioning sessions provided students an opportunity to learn about their new school and allowed them to participate in the design process. Art has also been an important medium for engagement at the school. Six emerging female artists were selected to install their work in the school’s central staircases.

舒适、可持续性和自给自足
阿富汗的许多儿童必须在不太舒适的条件下上学。学校往往与有限的或不稳定的电力供应相连，而且这些机构的运作几乎没有预算，往往没有足够的资金用于加热燃料。为了克服这些障碍，Gohar Khatoon学校的定位是在冬季最大限度地获得太阳热量，在夏季和肩部季节最大限度地实现自然通风。

Comfort, sustainability, and self-sufficiency
Many children going to school in Afghanistan must do so in less than comfortable conditions. Schools are often connected to a limited, or unstable power supply, and these institutions operate on almost no budget, often leaving insufficient funds for heating fuel. In order to overcome these obstacles, the Gohar Khatoon School is positioned to maximize solar heat gain in the winter months and natural ventilation during the summer and shoulder seasons.

学校厚实的砖石墙为吸收和保留热量提供了高热质量。每个教室区的中央楼梯间形成了一个 “太阳空间”，在冬季收集热量以温暖建筑。可操作的从地板到天花板的墙壁通风口和门窗使暖空气在朝北的教室中循环。朝南的教室得到足够的直接太阳辐射，可以自主地运行。

The school’s thick masonry walls provide high thermal mass for absorbing and retaining heat. A central stairwell in each classroom block forms a “sunspace” that captures heat for warming the building in winter. Operable floor-to-ceiling wall vents and door transoms allow warm air to circulate through the north-facing classrooms. South-facing classrooms receive enough direct solar gain to operate autonomously.

冷却是通过交叉和堆叠通风的组合实现的。阳光空间末端的大型季节性门可以在温暖的月份打开，位于中央走廊上的横梁有助于将空气拉过建筑。

Cooling is achieved with a combination of cross and stack ventilation. Large seasonal doors at the end of the sunspaces can be opened in the warmer months, and transoms, located over the central hallways, help to pull air through the building.

学校的外墙以阿富汗丰富的砖石建筑历史为线索，明亮的多色窗户与马扎里沙里夫著名的蓝色清真寺的鲜艳瓷砖相呼应。外墙还通过使用墙体深度以及开口尺寸，满足了平衡日光和太阳热能的务实要求，在冬季最大限度地增加太阳辐射，在夏季遮挡玻璃表面。浅色的天花板也有助于平衡和扩散整个教室的光线。

The school’s facades take their cue from Afghanistan’s rich history of masonry construction and the bright, multicolored windows echo the vibrant tiles of Mazar-i-Sharif’s famous Blue Mosque. The facades also fulfill the pragmatic requirement of balancing daylight with solar heat gain through the use of wall depth, as well as opening size, maximizing solar gain in winter and shading glass surfaces in summer. Light colored ceilings also help to balance and diffuse light throughout the classrooms.

内置的环境策略促进了自主性和自给自足，使学校能够在困难的情况下使用很少的资源来执行。利用低技术含量的气候应对措施，形成一个可靠的机构，为学生和员工提供长期的庇护和舒适。在外国对阿富汗的援助正在减少，北约部队正在离开该国的时候，这是一个需要考虑的重要方面。

Built-in environmental strategies foster autonomy and self-sufficiency and allow the school to perform under difficult circumstances using few resources. Capitalizing on low-tech climate responses results in a dependable institution that provides students and staff shelter and comfort for the long term. This is an important aspect to consider at a time when foreign aid to Afghanistan is dwindling and NATO troops are leaving the country.

Architects: Robert Hull, University of Washington
Area: 1700 m²
Year: 2015
Photographs: Nic Lehoux
Project Architect:Elizabeth Golden, Associate Professor, University of Washington
Design Team:Yasaman Esmaili, Christopher Garland, David Miller
Construction:Jason Simmons, Sayed Ali Mortazavy, Hussain Ahmady, Farkhonda Rajaby, Airokhsh Faiz Qaisary
Structural And Civil Engineer:Solaiman Salahi
Daylighting:Michael Gilbride
Ventilation:Allan Montpellier
Metalwork:Jack Hunter
Systems Research:Mariam Kamara
Research:Bryan Brooks, Marcus Crider, Grace Crofoot, Sarah Eddy, Yasaman Esmaili, Christopher Garland, Mariam Kamara, Michelle Kang, Kevin Lang, Carolyn Lacompte, Benjamin Maestas, Jaclyn Merlet, Holly Schwarz, Mazohra Thami, Andrew Thies, Mackenzie Waller, Patricia Wilhelm
City:Mazari Sharif
Country:Afghanistan