古根海姆博物馆坐落在西班牙毕尔巴鄂的内尔维翁河边，融合了复杂、旋转的形式和迷人的物质，对复杂的项目和工业化的城市背景做出了回应。弗兰克-盖里的毕尔巴鄂古根海姆博物馆举办了一百多场展览，吸引了一千多万参观者，它不仅改变了建筑师和人们对博物馆的看法，而且还以其惊人的成功促进了毕尔巴鄂的经济发展。 事实上，一个城市在建造一个重要的建筑作品后发生的转变现象现在被称为 “毕尔巴鄂效应”。 20年过去了，该博物馆今天仍在挑战关于艺术和建筑之间联系的假设。
Set on the edge of the Nervión River in Bilbao, Spain, the Guggenheim Museum is a fusion of complex, swirling forms and captivating materiality that responds to an intricate program and an industrial urban context. With over a hundred exhibitions and more than ten million visitors to its recognition, Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao not only changed the way that architects and people think about museums, but also boosted Bilbao’s economy with its astounding success. In fact, the phenomenon of a city’s transformation following the construction of a significant piece of architecture is now referred to as the “Bilbao Effect.” Twenty years on, the Museum continues to challenge assumptions about the connections between art and architecture today.
1991年，巴斯克政府向所罗门R. 古根海姆基金会建议其资助在毕尔巴鄂破旧的港口地区建造一座古根海姆博物馆，该地区曾是该市的主要收入来源。适当地，博物馆成为一个更大的重建计划的一部分，该计划旨在更新工业城市并使其现代化。几乎在1997年开放后，毕尔巴鄂古根海姆博物馆立即成为一个受欢迎的旅游景点，吸引了来自世界各地的游客。
In 1991, the Basque government proposed to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation that it fund a Guggenheim museum to be built in Bilbao’s dilapidated port area, once the city’s main source of income. Appropriately, the museum became part of a larger redevelopment plan that was meant to renew and modernize the industrial town. Almost immediately after its opening in 1997, the Guggenheim Bilbao became a popular tourist attraction, drawing visitors from around the world.
河边的场地位于市中心的北部边缘。南面是公路和铁路线，北面是河流，东面是萨尔维桥的混凝土结构。该建筑与城市建立了有形的物理联系，围绕着萨尔维桥进行循环和挤压，创造了一个弯曲的河边长廊，并在场地南侧形成了一个宽敞的新公共广场，城市网格在这里结束。该建筑暗示了景观，例如通往主入口大厅的狭窄通道让人联想到峡谷，[2]或者响应内尔维翁河的弯曲走道和水景。
The riverside site is on the northern edge of the city center. A road and railway line is to the south, the river to the north, and the concrete structure of the Salve Bridge to the east. Making a tangible physical connection with the city, the building circulates and extrudes around the Salve Bridge, creates a curved riverside promenade, and forms a generous new public plaza on the south side of the site where the city grid ends. The building alludes landscapes, such as the narrow passageway to the main entrance hall reminiscent of a gorge, [2]or the curved walkway and water features in response to the Nervión River.
虽然从上面看，金属形式的外观几乎是花的，但从地面看，建筑更像一艘船，让人想起毕尔巴鄂港口过去的工业生活。由钛、石灰石和玻璃构成，外部看似随意的曲线被设计成可以捕捉光线并对太阳和天气做出反应。 固定夹在每块0.38毫米的钛砖上都有一个浅浅的中央凹痕，使表面在变化的光线下出现波纹，并给整体构图带来一种非凡的彩虹色。
Although the metallic form of the exterior looks almost floral from above, from the ground the building more closely resembles a boat, evoking the past industrial life of the port of Bilbao. Constructed of titanium, limestone, and glass, the seemingly random curves of the exterior are designed to catch the light and react to the sun and the weather. Fixing clips make a shallow central dent in each of the .38mm titanium tiles, making the surface appear to ripple in the changing light and giving an extraordinary iridescence to the overall composition.
由于其数学上的复杂性，这些扭曲的曲线是用一种叫做CATIA的三维设计软件设计的，这种软件可以进行复杂的设计和计算，这在几年前是不可能的。从本质上讲，该软件将盖瑞手工建造的模型的边缘、表面和交叉点上的点数字化，以构建屏幕上的模型，然后可以按照动画片的方式进行操作。
Because of their mathematical intricacy, the twisting curves were designed using a 3-D design software called CATIA, which allows for complex designs and calculations that would not have been possible a few years ago. Essentially, the software digitizes points on the edges, surfaces, and intersections of Gehry’s hand-built models to construct on-screen models that can then be manipulated in the manner of animated cartoons.
该建筑的墙壁和天花板是承重的，包含一个由金属棒组成的三角形网格的内部结构。CATIA计算出每个位置所需的杆件数量，以及杆件的位置和方向。除了这个结构外，墙壁和天花板还有几个绝缘层和钛的外涂层。每一块都是由CATIA软件确定的专属位置。
The building’s walls and ceilings are load-bearing, containing an internal structure of metal rods that form grids with triangles. CATIA calculated the number of bars required in each location, as well as the bars’ positions and orientations. In addition to this structure, the walls and ceilings have several insulating layers and an outer coating of titanium. Each piece is exclusive to its location, determined by the CATIA software.
巨大的、充满光亮的中庭作为博物馆的组织中心，将11000平方米的展览空间分配给19个画廊。其中10个展厅遵循经典的正交规划，可以从外观上识别出石灰石的装饰。其余9个画廊从外部可以识别为用钛合金包覆的旋转有机形式。最大的展厅宽30米，长130米，容纳了理查德-塞拉（Richard Serra）创作的名为 “时间的问题 “的永久装置。
The large, light-filled atrium serves as the organizing center of the museum, distributing 11,000 square meters of exhibition space over nineteen galleries. Ten of these galleries follow a classic orthogonal plan that can be identified from the exterior by a limestone finish. The remaining nine galleries are identified from the outside by swirling organic forms clad in titanium. The largest gallery is 30 meters wide and 130 meters long and houses a permanent installation called “The Matter of Time” by Richard Serra.
该博物馆的社会经济影响是惊人的。在博物馆运营的头三年里，有近400万游客参观了博物馆–产生了约5亿的利润。此外，游客在酒店、餐馆、商店和交通上花费的钱收取了超过1亿的税收，这超过了建筑的成本。然而，”毕尔巴鄂效应 “的承诺也引发了全球 “声明 “建筑的建设热潮，这在最近的经济危机之后被证明是不谨慎的。尽管如此，该博物馆仍然是一个以其复杂性和形式而闻名的标志性建筑。
The socio-economic impact of the museum has been astounding. During the first three years of operation, almost 4 million tourists visited the museum—generating about 500 million in profit. Furthermore, the money visitors spent on hotels, restaurants, shops and transport collected over 100 million in taxes, which more than offset the cost of the building. However, the promise of the “Bilbao Effect” also sparked a building boom in “statement” architecture across the globe, one which proved imprudent in the wake of the recent economic crisis. Nevertheless, the Museum remains an iconic structure renowned for its complexity and form.
Architects: Gehry Partners
Year: 1997
Photographs: Flickr User: RonG8888, Flickr User: dbaron, Flickr User: mimmyg, Flickr User: Viajar sin Destino, Flickr User: cincinnato, Flickr user EEPaul, Flickr User: Michael Jones 51, Flickr User: Iker Merodio, Flickr User: Aris Gionis, Flickr User: jimcintosh
Manufacturers: BANDALUX, Parklex International S.L., Architectural Titanium, Erco, Somfy, Torresfire, Gretsch¬-Unitas, Kvadrat
City：BILBO
Country：Spain