这座独立的单户住宅的设计是由一对夫妇委托我们进行的，他们的梦想是在大自然中过退休生活。该地块的特点是该地区典型的地中海植被，包括橄榄树、松树、胶泥树和石灰质土壤上的棕榈心。该地块约900平方米，位于巴塞罗那南部海岸的Garraf自然公园边缘的小型城市化的末端。这个项目的主要要求是，建筑要能考虑到景观和低能源消耗。同时，该项目还面临着多种挑战：陡峭的坡度，朝北的地块，以及有限的预算。
The design of this detached single-family house was commissioned to us by a couple with the dream of retirement living in the middle of nature. The site is characterized by Mediterranean vegetation typical of the area and includes olive trees, pines, mastic trees, and palm hearts on calcareous soils. The plot, of about 900 m2, is located at the end of small urbanization on the edge of the Garraf Natural Park, on the coast south of Barcelona. A construction that would allow contemplating the landscape and would entail low energy consumption was the main requirement of this commission. At the same time, the project presented multiple challenges: a steeply sloping, north-facing plot, and a limited budget.
项目细节。城市规划法规将建成的职业放在地块的中心，允许其最多建造三层。该提案解释了规划的这一规定，并战略性地放弃了第三层，以支持与地形和自然环境的融合。该项目被解释为一个机会，证明有可能以可承受的成本建造被动式建筑，按气候设计并使用健康材料。
Project details. The urban planning regulations place the built occupation in the center of the plot, allowing it to construct up to three levels. The proposal interprets this provision of the planning and strategically renounces the third storey in favour of integration with the topography and the natural environment. The project is interpreted as an opportunity to demonstrate that it is possible to build passive buildings, designed climatically and built with healthy materials at an affordable cost.
这座房子的设计理念是：尊重自然环境，成为一座被动式建筑。基于简单性和可持续性，该提案对最初的复杂性做出了创造性的回应。房子被嵌入地形中，以适应地形并融入景观。同时，它利用了地面的绝缘性能，并通过将内部空间分成两层来配合自然坡度。
The house was conceived with the vocation of respectfully integrating with its natural context and of being a passive building. Based on simplicity and sustainability, the proposal offers a creative response to the initial complexities. The house is embedded in the terrain to adapt to the topography and blend into the landscape. At the same time, it takes advantage of the ground’s insulating power and accompanies the natural slope by stepping the interior spaces into two levels.
房屋的几何形状被解释为让自然成为主角，同时为其居民提供一个受保护和欢迎的空间，使他们能够思考景观。建筑体量的两个臂膀向北方、蒙特塞拉特山和巨大的自然公园开放。这座房子被安排在一个单一的体量中，由两层楼衔接。面向街道和邻居的外墙故意没有开窗。日间活动区和一间卧室位于一楼；在一楼，有第二间卧室和一个带有日光浴室和花园的大露台。房子里的每个房间都可以从不同的角度来欣赏森林。
The geometry of the house is explained by the purpose of leaving nature as the protagonist and at the same time offering its inhabitants a protected and welcoming space from which to contemplate the landscape. The two arms of the built volume open to the North, the mountain of Montserrat, and the immensity of the natural park. The house is organized in a single volume articulated on two floors. The facades facing the street and towards the neighbours are intentionally devoid of openings. The day area and a bedroom are located on the ground floor; on the first floor, there is a second bedroom and a large terrace with solarium and garden. Each room in the house allows the contemplation of the forest from a different perspective.
材料的选择符合人的健康、对环境的尊重、以及建设性和经济性的标准。对于外墙，由于加气混凝土块的轻质和高绝缘性能，我们使用了加气混凝土块；经过热处理的天然软木板用于外墙的装饰，其绝缘性能也融入了自然环境。对于内部装修，采用了石灰和硅酸盐涂料。用石英晶体装饰的楼板的上表面被用作地板。经过天然染色剂处理的实心松木已被用于外部木工。
The choice of materials responds to criteria of health for people, respect for the environment, and constructive and economic efficiency. For the exterior walls, aerated concrete blocks have been used due to their lightness and high insulating power; thermo-treated natural cork panels for the exterior finish of the façades and their insulation to blend into the natural environment too. For the interior finishes, lime and silicate paints have been applied. The upper face of the floor slab finished with quartz crystals, has been used as flooring. Solid pine wood treated with natural stains has been used for the exterior carpentry.
技术解释（生物气候和植物性建筑）。在实现被动式建筑的挑战之前，该项目采用了多种生物气候设计策略，以应对对气候和场地地形的详细研究。建筑物的设计是沿南北轴线定位，以便在冬季充分利用太阳辐射的贡献，自然通风在夏季也因此更加有效。
Technical explanations (bioclimatic and vegetal architecture). Before the challenge of achieving a passive building, the project adopts multiple bioclimatic design strategies that respond to a detailed study of the climate and the topography of the site. The building is designed by orienting it along the north-south axis so that it takes full advantage of the contribution of solar radiation in winter and natural ventilation is thereby more effective in summer.
寒冷月份的生物气候策略。在寒冷的月份里，我们采取了以下策略为建筑供暖。1. 1.南面的玻璃幕墙，由于温室效应，可以作为一个太阳能加热器使用。在这几个月里，太阳辐射的角度减小，穿透室内并转化为热量，提高了房屋的温度。位于南墙的Trombe-Mitchell墙作为热室发挥作用，在白天达到高温，并通过对流和辐射转移到房子的内部。3. 3.在北面，开口已经减少到最低限度，以避免对热平衡产生负面影响。4. 4. 在最冷的日子里，在北面，可以点燃一个高效的炉子，这为实现热舒适的条件提供了必要的投入。
Bioclimatic strategies during cold months. The following strategies have been adopted to heat the building during the cold months. 1. The South façade, in its glazed part, works as a solar heater due to the greenhouse effect. Solar radiation, which during these months has a reduced angle, penetrates the interior and is transformed into heat, increasing the house’s temperature. The Trombe-Mitchell walls located on the South wall function as hot chambers that reach high temperatures during the day and transfer it by convection and radiation to the house’s interior. 3. On the North face, the openings have been reduced to a minimum to not influence negatively on the thermal balance. 4. On the coldest days, on the Northside, a high-efficiency stove can be lit, which provides the necessary input to achieve conditions of thermal comfort.
温暖月份的生物气候策略。为了在温暖的月份为建筑降温，我们采取了以下策略。1. 外墙的开口经过计算，可以在夜间安全通风。由于较冷的北侧立面和较暖的南侧立面之间存在温度差异，自然交叉通风得到加强。2. 2.特朗普-米切尔墙作为 “太阳烟囱 “发挥作用；通过加热超过房屋内部空间，它们从内部抽取热空气，导致新鲜空气从外部进入。3. 3. 种植在南面立面前面的落叶树保护它免受夏季强烈的太阳辐射。4. 4. 南立面的屋檐防止太阳光加热立面的玻璃区域。位于建筑下面的天然池塘有利于空气冷却和创造一个潮湿的小气候。在整个一年中，整个围墙的良好绝缘性能，高质量的木工，以及对空气渗透的消除，都使房屋内的温度保持稳定。
Bioclimatic strategies during warm months. To cool the building during the warm months the following strategies have been adopted: 1. The façade openings have been calculated so that they can safely ventilate during the night. Natural cross ventilation is enhanced by the difference in temperature that exists between the colder north façade and the warmer south façade. 2. Trombe-Mitchell walls work as “solar chimneys;” by heating up more than the house’s interior spaces, they extract the hot air from the inside, causing the entry of fresh air from the outside. 3. The deciduous trees planted in front of the South façade protect it from intense summer solar radiation. 4. The eaves of the South façade prevent the solar rays from heating up the glazed area of the façade. The natural pond located below the building favours the air cooling and the creation of a humid microclimate. Throughout the year, the excellent insulation of the entire enclosure, the high-quality carpentry, and the elimination of air infiltrations manage to keep the temperature inside the house stable.
绿地、灰水和雨水处理作为同一生物气候战略的一部分被整合到项目设计中。在地块的南部地区，通过种植落叶树种来保护自生的地中海植被。其目的是在夏季保护建筑和Trombe墙免受太阳辐射，在冬季允许辐射通过。屋顶上的雨水被收集到位于停车位下面的水箱中，用于浇灌花园和场地下端的天然池塘。自然池塘包含一个植物过滤器，作为一个光净化器，促进当地动物的生物多样性。灰水已经从废水中分离出来，以便以后循环和回收。
Green spaces and grey and rainwater treatment are integrated into the project design as part of the same bioclimatic strategy. In the southern area of the plot, the autochthonous Mediterranean vegetation is preserved by implementing it with the planting of deciduous tree species. The aim is to protect the building and the Trombe walls from solar radiation during summer and allow the radiation to pass through during winter. Rainwater from the roofs is collected in a tank located below the parking space and is used for watering the garden and for the natural pond at the lower end of the site. The natural pond contains a plant filter that acts as a photo-purifier and promotes biodiversity in the local fauna. Greywater has been separated from wastewater for later recycling and recovery.
该建筑的供暖需求为每年5.4千瓦时/平方米，制冷需求为每年14.5千瓦时/平方米。除了柴火炉，没有使用主动空调系统。屋顶上安装了光伏板以满足内部电力需求。
The heating demand for this building is 5.4 KWh/m2 year and the cooling demand 14.5 KWh/m2 year. No active air conditioning system is used, except for the wood stove. Photovoltaic panels have been installed on the roof to cover internal electrical needs.
Architects: El Fil Verd, Estudi d’Arquitectura
Area: 180 m²
Year: 2020
Photographs：Milena Villaba
Manufacturers: AutoDesk, Ytong, Adobe, Barnacork, Fet de terra, Piscinas ecologicas
Lead Architect: Elisabetta Quarta Colosso
Engineering:Bernus Fernández Arquitectes
City:El Garraf
Country:Spain