圣母玛利亚神庙(Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família)于1882年开始建造,距今已有一个多世纪。该寺庙仍在建设中,预计2026年完工。它也许是加泰罗尼亚现代主义最著名的建筑,每年吸引超过300万游客。建筑师安托尼-高迪一直在这个项目上工作,直到1926年去世,他完全预料到自己不会活着看到它的完成。

Construction of the Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família began in 1882, more than a century ago. The temple is still under construction, with completion expected in 2026. It is perhaps the best known structure of Catalan Modernisme, drawing over three million visitors annually. Architect Antoni Gaudi worked on the project until his death in 1926, in full anticipation he would not live to see it finished.

高迪在1883年31岁时被任命为建筑师,之后寺庙的发起人和原建筑师弗朗西斯科-德-保拉-德尔-比利亚尔-洛萨诺之间出现分歧。他保持了德尔-比利亚尔的拉丁十字形规划,典型的哥特式大教堂,但在几个重要方面背离了哥特式。最值得注意的是,高迪开发了一个倾斜的柱子和双曲面拱顶的系统,以消除对飞行托梁的需求。水平荷载不是依靠外部元素,而是通过内部的柱子传递。

Gaudi was appointed architect in 1883 at 31 years of age, following disagreements between the temple’s promoters and the original architect, Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano. He maintained del Villar’s Latin cross plan, typical of Gothic cathedrals, but departed from the Gothic in several significant ways. Most notably, Gaudi developed a system of angled columns and hyperboloidal vaults to eliminate the need for flying buttresses. Rather than relying on exterior elements, horizontal loads are transferred through columns on the interior.

圣家堂利用了由规则表面组成的三维形式,包括双曲面、抛物线、螺旋曲面和圆锥体。这些复杂的形状允许更薄,更精细的结构,并旨在加强寺庙的音响效果和光的质量。高迪使用石膏模型来开发设计,包括一个1:10比例的主殿模型,高5米,宽2米,深2米。他还设计了一套悬挂在天花板上的殿堂平面图的弦和砝码系统。从这个倒置的模型中,他得出了柱子、拱顶和拱门的必要角度。这一点在受难立面的斜柱中很明显,它让人想起了拉伸结构,但却在压缩中发挥作用。

La Sagrada Familia utilizes three-dimensional forms comprised of ruled surfaces, including hyperboloids, parabolas, helicoids, and conoids. These complex shapes allow for a thinner, finer structure, and are intended to enhance the temple’s acoustics and quality of light. Gaudi used plaster models to develop the design, including a 1:10 scale model of the main nave measuring five meters in height and width by two meters in depth. He also devised a system of strings and weights suspended from a plan of the temple on the ceiling. From this inverted model he derived the necessary angles of the columns, vaults, and arches. This is evident in the slanted columns of the Passion facade, which recall tensile structures but act in compression.

高迪在圣家堂的每个方面都嵌入了宗教象征意义,创造了基督教信仰的视觉表现。他为大教堂设计了三个标志性的立面,分别是荣耀、耶稣诞生和受难立面,分别朝向南、东、西。耶稣诞生立面的雕塑让人联想到流畅、复杂的corbelling,由高迪负责监督。受难面的特点是何塞普-玛丽亚-苏比拉赫斯的作品,他的棱角分明的雕塑延伸了寺庙的现代主义特征。雕塑家Etsuro Sotoo负责象征圣体的窗饰和顶饰。

Gaudi embedded religious symbolism in each aspect of La Sagrada Familia, creating a visual representation of Christian beliefs. He designed three iconic facades for the basilica, the Glory, Nativity, and Passion facades, facing south, east, and west, respectively. The sculpting of the Nativity facade recalls smooth, intricate corbelling and was overseen by Gaudi. The Passion Facade is characterized by the work of Josep Maria Subirachs, whose angular sculptures extend the modernist character of the temple. The sculptor Etsuro Sotoo is responsible for the window ornaments and finials, which symbolize the Eucharist.

中央的殿堂高耸到45米,设计成一个由蒙特朱伊克和花岗岩组成的多色桥墩森林。桥墩的横截面从底部到终端都有变化,顶点数量从多边形到圆形都有增加。纤细的分叉柱子将人们的视线向上吸引,光线从拱顶的圆形孔洞中透出。这些都是用绿色和金色的威尼斯玻璃砖完成的,衔接着双曲面的线条。

The central nave soars to a height of 45 meters, and is designed to resemble a forest of multi-hued piers in Montjuïc and granite. The piers change in cross section from base to terminus, increasing in number of vertices from polygonal to circular. The slender, bifurcating columns draw the eye upward, where light filters through circular apertures in the vaults. These are finished in Venetian glass tiles of green and gold, articulating the lines of the hyperboloids.

一旦完工,圣家堂将有18座塔楼,从任何一个有利位置都能看到神庙的独特景观。四座代表使徒的钟塔为每个立面加冕,高度约为100米。在北端,一座代表圣母玛利亚的塔楼将矗立在天井上方。中央塔高72米,象征着基督,周围有四座代表福音派的塔。

Once completed, La Sagrada Familia will feature eighteen towers composed to present a unique view of the temple from any single vantage point. Four bell towers representing the Apostles crown each facade, reaching approximately 100 meters in height. At the north end, a tower representing the Virgin Mary will stand over the apse. The central tower will reach 72 meters in height and symbolize Christ, surrounded by four towers representing the Evangelists.

即使在施工的同时,旧的部分也在进行清理和修复。寺庙自始至终完全依靠私人捐款,由于缺乏资金,多次出现延误。一个特别重大的挫折发生在西班牙内战期间,当时高迪的工作室被毁,包括他留下的许多文献资料。

Even as construction continues, older portions are undergoing cleaning and restoration. The temple has relied entirely on private donations since its inception, and has seen many delays due to lack of funding. A particularly significant setback occurred during the Spanish Civil War, when Gaudi’s workshop was destroyed, including much of the documentation he left behind.

后来几代工匠和建筑师都依靠剩余的图纸和石膏模型来推进项目,尽可能地坚持高迪的设想。因此,神庙的设计是一个跨世纪的合作。高迪本人将该项目视为几代人的集体作品。”我将老去,但其他人会在我之后。必须永远保存的是作品的精神,但它的生命必须取决于它所传承的几代人,以及与之共同生活和化身的人”。[1]

Subsequent generations of craftsman and architects have relied on the remaining drawings and plaster models to advance the project, adhering to Gaudi’s vision as closely as possible. As a result, the design of the temple is a collaboration spanning centuries. Gaudi himself viewed the project as the collective work of generations. “I will grow old but others will come after me. What must always be conserved is the spirit of the work, but its life has to depend on the generations it is handed down to and with whom it lives and is incarnated.” [1]

近几十年来,La Sagrada Familia采用了当代数字设计和建造技术。建筑师和工匠们使用Rhinoceros、Cadds5、Catia和CAM来理解复杂的几何形状,并将建筑整体可视化。石膏模型仍被用作设计工具,现在由三维打印机生成,以加速这一过程。最近发布了一段数字渲染视频,展示了La Sagrada Familia完工后的预期外观。

In recent decades, La Sagrada Familia has adopted contemporary digital design and construction technologies. Architects and craftsmen use Rhinoceros, Cadds5, Catia, and CAM to understand the complex geometries and visualize the building as a whole. Plaster models are still used as a design tool, now generated by a 3-D printer to accelerate the process. A digitally rendered video was recently released showing La Sagrada Familia’s expected appearance upon completion.

建筑师:AntoniGaudí
占地面积:4500 m²
照片:Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família, John Kennan, Jose Gonzalvo, amazinao, Famke Veenstra, Renate Dodell, Eugene Zhukovsky, Todd Heiden
厂家:Troll
城市: BARCELONA
国家:西班牙
Architects: Antoni Gaudí
Area: 4500 m²
Photographs: Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família, John Kennan, Jose Gonzalvo, amazinao, Famke Veenstra, Renate Dodell, Eugene Zhukovsky, Todd Heiden
Manufacturers: Troll
City: BARCELONA
Country: SPAIN